MG-132(R) is a potent, membrane-permeable proteasome inhibitor. It induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells at 10 M. MG-132(R) blocks cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and apoptosis in thymocytes. However, MG-132(R) also activates c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK-1), which initiates apoptosis in response to cell stress. Proteasome inhibition induces accumulation of heat shock protein mRNA, activation of heat-shock proteins, and enhanced thermotolerance in various cell types.
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